Grammar
～がある・いるがあります・いますThere is… (existence)～ばばIf… (hypothetical or logical condition)～ば～ほどば～ほどThe more…, the more…～せる・～させるしえきけいCausative: make or let someone do something～させられるしえきうけみBe made to do something against your will～中ちゅう・じゅうIn the middle of; within; all through, all overを・に・で・へを・に・で・へObject, target, place of action and direction particlesつ・人・本・枚・匹・冊・回・台つ・にん・ほん・まい・ひき・さつ・かい・だいCounting words: one thing, two people, three bottles…～だけ／～しかだけ／しかOnly, just; nothing but (しか needs a negative verb)～だろうだろうProbably…; I suppose… (conjecture)～でもでもEven …; any- (anyone, anything); … or something～でしょうでしょうProbably…; or …, right? (conjecture, agreement)～がほしいがほしいWant (a thing)～が・～けどが・けどBut; although (contrast, or a soft lead-in)～がする～がするA smell, sound, taste or feeling reaches youあげる・くれる・もらうあげる・くれる・もらうGiving and receiving from the speaker's viewpoint～はずだはずだShould be; expected to be～ほうがいいほうがいいHad better… (advice)～かった・～くない～かった・～くないNegative, past and て-forms of い-adjectives～かどうかかどうかWhether or not…; embedded who/what/when questions～かもしれないかもしれないMight; possibly～かなかなI wonder…; a soft question to yourself or others～から・～のでから・のでBecause…, so… (giving a reason or cause)～方～かたWay of doing; how to do something謙譲語けんじょうごHumble speech: lower your own actions to show respect～ことがあることがあるSometimes …; there are times when … (vs have done)～ことができる～ことができるcan, be able to; it is possible to～ことになることになるIt has been decided that…～ことにすることにするDecide to…～くなる・～になる～くなる・～になるto become; to get / turn (change of state)まで・までにまで・までにUntil (something lasts) vs by (a deadline)～前に・～後でまえに・あとでBefore doing A / after doing A～たままたままWhile still…; leaving a state unchanged～ませんかませんかWon't you…? (invitation)～ましょうましょうLet's do…; shall I / shall we do…?も・と・や・かも・と・や・かAlso; and (all); and (some); or — between nounsもう／まだもう／まだAlready / no longer; still / not yet～でした・～じゃない～でした・～じゃないです・でした・じゃない with nouns and な-adjectives～ななBlunt 'don't do it!' order: dictionary form + な～ながらながらWhile doing A, B (same subject, at the same time)～ないでくださいないでくださいPlease don't do… (polite negative request)～ならならIf that's the case…; as for… (reactive conditional)～なさいなさいFirm command from above: do…ね・よね・よSentence-final ね seeks agreement; よ asserts new info～に行くにいくGo / come somewhere in order to do something～にする～にするDecide on X (にする); become X (になる)ののLinks two nouns: possession, origin, type, apposition～のが好きのがすきLike doing…; be good or bad at doing…～のは～ですのは・ですWhat/who/when … is X (cleft sentence for focus)～のにのにEven though / and yet (with surprise or regret)お・ごお・ごHonorific prefixes on nouns and adjectives～ましたました・ませんでしたPolite past: did (～ました) / did not (～ませんでした)～られる・～えるかのうけいPotential form: can do何・誰・どこなに・だれ・どこ・いつ・どうして・どうWhat, who, where, when, why, how: the question words～らしいらしいApparently…; seems (from hearsay); typical of a…～させてくださいさせてくださいPlease let me do… (asking permission)～しし…and what is more…; listing reasons that add up尊敬語そんけいごHonorific verbs that raise the person doing the action～そうですそうですLooks like…; seems about to… (from what you see)～そうですそうですI hear that…; they say that… (reported information)～すぎるすぎるToo much; excessively～たばかりたばかりJust did…～たことがあるたことがあるHave done before (experience)～たいですたいですWant to do…～たくないたくない・たかったDon't want to / wanted to: たい as an い-adjective～ためにためにIn order to…; for the sake of… (purpose, benefit)～たらたらIf / when / after (conditional)～たらどうですかたらどうですかHow about doing…? / Why don't you…? (advice)～たり～たりたり・たりするDo things like A and B; open-ended list of actions～てあげる・くれる・もらうてあげる・てくれる・てもらうDo a favor for someone / have a favor done for you～てある～てあるHas been done on purpose and is still that way～てほしいてほしいI want (someone) to do…; wanting another's action～ていく・～てくるていく・てくるAction or change moving away from / toward the speaker～ていますていますOngoing action or resulting state～ているているResulting state or habit: lives, knows, is married～てからてからAfter doing A, B; ever since A～てくださいてくださいPlease do…～てみるてみるTry doing something and see how it goes～てもらえませんかてもらえませんかCould you possibly … for me? (polite request)～ておくておくDo in advance; leave as is～てしまうてしまうCompletely done; regrettably done～てはいけないてはいけないMust not; is not allowed to～てもてもEven if / even though; no matter what or how much～ととWhenever/when A, B follows automatically～というというCalled…; the … that… (naming or quoting)～と思うとおもうI think that…; states the speaker's opinion～ところところAbout to do / in the middle of doing / just did自動詞・他動詞じどうし・たどうしPaired verbs: it happens (が) vs someone does it (を)～つもりつもりIntend to; plan to (a decision already made)～うちにうちにWhile; before the situation changesは・がは・がTopic marker vs subject marker～わけではないわけではないIt's not that…; not necessarily～やすい～やすいEasy to do / hard to do; tends to / resists～より…のほうがより・のほうがComparison: … is more … than …～ようだ・～みたいようだ・みたいIt seems / looks like; like, as if (resemblance)～ようにようにSo that… (purpose)～ようになる・ようにするようになる・ようにするCome to do (change) / make a point of doing (effort)～ずにずにDo Y without doing X