~くなる / ~になる
~くなる・~になる
to become; to get / turn (change of state)
い-adjective: drop い + く + なる (寒い → 寒くなる)
な-adjective + に + なる (静か → 静かになる)
Noun + に + なる (先生 → 先生になる)
Irregular: いい → よくなる
Negative before なる: ~くなくなる / ~じゃなくなる (stop being)
How it works
なる means to become. It is the everyday way to say that something has changed or will change state: the weather gets cold, a child becomes an adult, a room ends up clean. The word before なる has to be put into its adverbial shape first, and that shape depends on what kind of word it is.
- い-adjective: drop the final い and add く → 寒い → 寒くなる (get cold), 大きい → 大きくなる (get big). The irregular いい uses its よ stem: よくなる (get better).
- な-adjective: add に → 静かになる (become quiet), 元気になる (get well), 好きになる (come to like).
- Noun: add に → 先生になる (become a teacher), 春になる (spring comes), 二十歳になる (turn twenty).
なる itself is a regular godan verb: なります, なった, なりました, ならない, なって. The change is often already complete when you talk about it, so the past tense is very common: 寒くなりました means it has gotten cold.
To say that something stops being a certain way, put the negative before なる: 痛くなくなる (stop hurting), 学生じゃなくなる (no longer be a student). Because ない conjugates like an い-adjective, it takes く as well.
The thing that changes is marked with が (or は as the topic): 部屋がきれいになった. Nobody is doing anything to the room in this sentence; it simply ends up clean.
Examples
- 最近、朝は寒くなりました。 さいきん、 あさ は さむく なりました。 — Lately the mornings have gotten cold.
- 妹は来年、大学生になります。 いもうと は らいねん、 だいがくせい に なります。 — My younger sister will become a university student next year.
- 薬を飲んで、頭が痛くなくなった。 くすり を のんで、 あたま が いたく なく なった。 — I took some medicine and my head stopped hurting.
- 掃除したから、部屋がきれいになった。 そうじ した から、 へや が きれい に なった。 — I cleaned, so the room got clean.
- 日本語が少し上手になりましたね。 にほんご が すこし じょうず に なりました ね。 — Your Japanese has gotten a little better, hasn't it?
- 夜になると、この道は暗くなります。 よる に なる と、 この みち は くらく なります。 — When night falls, this street gets dark.
Compare with
~くする / ~にする
する is the transitive partner of なる: someone deliberately makes the change, and the thing changed takes を. 部屋が暖かくなる (the room gets warm) versus 部屋を暖かくする (I warm the room up). Same adverbial form, different verb, different particle.
~ようになる
When the thing that changes is a verb, not an adjective or noun, use ようになる: 日本語が話せるようになった (I have become able to speak Japanese), 毎朝走るようになった (I have started running every morning). ✗話せるになった is not possible.
~ことになる
ことになる is a fixed pattern meaning that something has been decided or turns out a certain way, not a change of state: 来月、東京に行くことになりました (it has been decided that I go to Tokyo next month).
Traps for Spanish, English and French speakers
- Spanish and French leave the adjective untouched after ponerse / devenir (el café se puso frío, le café est devenu froid), so learners bolt なる onto the dictionary form: ✗寒いなる. Japanese changes the adjective, not the verb: ✓寒くなる.
- English 'become a doctor' and French 'devenir médecin' have no linking word, so the に gets dropped: ✗医者なる, ✗静かなる. Nouns and な-adjectives always need に: ✓医者になる, ✓静かになる.
- 'Get better' is ✓よくなる, never ✗いいくなる, because いい is irregular. And きれい and 嫌い end in い but are な-adjectives, so it is ✓きれいになる and ✓嫌いになる, not ✗きれくなる.
- English 'warm up' works both ways ('the room warmed up' / 'I warmed up the room'), so English speakers reach for なる in both cases. 部屋が暖かくなります only says the room will get warm; to say that you will warm it up you need する with を: ✓部屋を暖かくします.
Common mistakes
- Spanish and French leave the adjective untouched after ponerse / devenir (el café se puso frío, le café est devenu froid), so learners bolt なる onto the dictionary form: ✗寒いなる. Japanese changes the adjective, not the verb: ✓寒くなる.
- English 'become a doctor' and French 'devenir médecin' have no linking word, so the に gets dropped: ✗医者なる, ✗静かなる. Nouns and な-adjectives always need に: ✓医者になる, ✓静かになる.
- 'Get better' is ✓よくなる, never ✗いいくなる, because いい is irregular. And きれい and 嫌い end in い but are な-adjectives, so it is ✓きれいになる and ✓嫌いになる, not ✗きれくなる.
- English 'warm up' works both ways ('the room warmed up' / 'I warmed up the room'), so English speakers reach for なる in both cases. 部屋が暖かくなります only says the room will get warm; to say that you will warm it up you need する with を: ✓部屋を暖かくします.
Examples
Lately the mornings have gotten cold.
My younger sister will become a university student next year.
I took some medicine and my head stopped hurting.
I cleaned, so the room got clean.
Your Japanese has gotten a little better, hasn't it?
When night falls, this street gets dark.
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