~てはいけない・~てはだめ
てはいけない
Must not; is not allowed to
Verb て-form + はいけない/はいけません
Verb て-form + はだめ(だ/です) (colloquial)
Verb て-form + はならない (written rules and laws)
Casual contractions: ~ちゃいけない/~じゃいけない/~ちゃだめ/~じゃだめ
How it works
Take the て-form of the verb, add the particle は, and finish with いけない (literally it won't go, that is, no good): 入ってはいけない — you must not enter. The は is the topic particle, so it is pronounced わ.
- ~てはいけません — polite; signs, teachers, rules of a place
- ~てはいけない — plain
- ~てはだめ(だ/です) — colloquial; parents to children, between friends
- ~てはならない — written rules, laws, formal notices
- Spoken contractions: ては → ちゃ, では → じゃ: 食べちゃいけない, 飲んじゃだめ
Verbs whose て-form ends in で (飲んで, 読んで, 遊んで, 泳いで) keep the same は: 飲んではいけません.
It is the natural answer to ~てもいいですか. A flat いいえ、~てはいけません is grammatical but blunt; Japanese speakers usually soften a refusal (ちょっと…, すみませんが…) unless they are stating an actual rule.
Examples
- ここで写真を撮ってはいけません。(ここ で しゃしん を とって は いけません)— You must not take photos here.
- 授業中に携帯電話を使ってはいけません。(じゅぎょうちゅう に けいたいでんわ を つかって は いけません)— You may not use your mobile phone during class.
- お酒を飲んだら、運転してはいけません。(おさけ を のんだら、うんてん して は いけません)— If you drink, you must not drive.
- まだ食べちゃだめだよ。(まだ たべちゃ だめ だ よ)— You can't eat it yet!
- そんなにたくさんお菓子を食べてはだめですよ。(そんなに たくさん おかし を たべて は だめ です よ)— You mustn't eat that many sweets.
- 図書館では大きい声で話してはいけません。(としょかん で は おおきい こえ で はなして は いけません)— You must not talk loudly in the library.
Compare with
~てもいい
Permission: 入ってもいいです — you may enter. The two patterns form the pair for asking and answering: 入ってもいいですか。— いいえ、入ってはいけません。
~なければならない
Obligation: 行かなければなりません — you must go. Its negation 行かなくてもいいです means you don't have to go, which is permission, not a prohibition.
~ないでください
Request: 入らないでください — please don't enter. Softer than ~てはいけません because it asks the listener instead of stating a rule; use it with adults you are not in charge of.
Traps for Spanish, English and French speakers
- English speakers mix up must not and don't have to, so ✗ 来なくてもいいです gets used as a prohibition. 来なくてもいいです means you don't have to come; you must not come is ✓ 来てはいけません.
- The double negative ~なくてはいけない means must do, so Spanish and French speakers who negate the verb (no debes fumar, tu ne dois pas fumer) produce ✗ ここでたばこを吸わなくてはいけません — you must smoke here. Prohibition leaves the verb positive: ✓ ここでたばこを吸ってはいけません.
- In Spanish and French a negative imperative to a colleague is normal (no toques eso, ne touche pas à ça), but ✗ 部長、ここに座ってはいけません sounds like scolding your boss. Trail off or make an apologetic request: ✓ すみません、こちらの席はちょっと… or ✓ すみませんが、ここには座らないでください.
- Spanish no puedo ir and French je ne peux pas y aller translate as 行けない, the potential of 行く, so learners who then meet いけない in ~てはいけない take it for the same word and write ✗ 食べては行けない. Here いけない means no good, has nothing to do with going, and is always written in kana: ✓ 食べてはいけない.
Common mistakes
- English speakers mix up must not and don't have to, so ✗ 来なくてもいいです gets used as a prohibition. 来なくてもいいです means you don't have to come; you must not come is ✓ 来てはいけません.
- The double negative ~なくてはいけない means must do, so Spanish and French speakers who negate the verb (no debes fumar, tu ne dois pas fumer) produce ✗ ここでたばこを吸わなくてはいけません, which means you must smoke here. Prohibition leaves the verb positive: ✓ ここでたばこを吸ってはいけません.
- In Spanish and French a negative imperative to a colleague is normal (no toques eso, ne touche pas à ça), but ✗ 部長、ここに座ってはいけません sounds like scolding your boss. Trail off or make an apologetic request: ✓ すみません、こちらの席はちょっと… or ✓ すみませんが、ここには座らないでください.
- Spanish no puedo ir and French je ne peux pas y aller translate as 行けない, the potential of 行く, so learners who then meet いけない in ~てはいけない take it for the same word and write ✗ 食べては行けない. Here いけない means no good, has nothing to do with going, and is always written in kana: ✓ 食べてはいけない.
Examples
You must not take photos here.
You may not use your mobile phone during class.
If you drink, you must not drive.
You can't eat it yet!
You mustn't eat that many sweets.
You must not talk loudly in the library.
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