を・に・で・へ
を・に・で・へ
Object, target, place of action and direction particles
Noun + を + transitive verb (direct object)
Noun + を + 出る・渡る・歩く・散歩する (place left, crossed or moved along)
Place + に + 行く・来る・帰る・入る・乗る (destination, target)
Person + に + 会う・書く・電話する・あげる (receiver, target person)
Time noun + に + verb (七時に, 日曜日に, 三月に)
Place + に + あります・います・住んでいます (place of existence)
Place + で + action verb (where the action happens)
Means or tool + で (電車で, 箸で, 日本語で)
Place + へ + movement verb (direction only)
How it works
These four particles sit after a noun and tell the verb what role that noun plays.
を — direct object and space moved through
The thing the action is done to: 本を読む, 水を飲む, 手紙を書く. Verbs of movement also use を for the place you leave, cross or move along: 家を出る, 橋を渡る, 公園を散歩する.
に — endpoint: destination, target, time, place of existence
Where movement arrives (東京に行く, 電車に乗る, 部屋に入る), who receives (友達に手紙を書く, 母に電話する), a point in time (七時に, 日曜日に, 三月に) and where something simply is (机の上に本がある, 大阪に住んでいる).
で — the stage and the means
Where an action happens (図書館で勉強する, 家で寝る), what you use (電車で行く, 箸で食べる, 日本語で話す) and, a little later, a cause or a total (病気で休む, 全部で千円).
へ — direction only
Points towards a destination: 京都へ行く, 北へ進む. It can replace に only for motion; it never marks time, existence, or the person you meet or call (友達に会う, 母に電話する). In speech に is far more common, and へ sounds slightly more formal or written.
The pair to keep apart is に for where something exists, で for where something happens: 公園に木があります but 公園で遊びます.
Examples
- 毎朝お茶を飲みます。(まいあさ おちゃ を のみます)— I drink tea every morning.
- 七時に家を出て、電車で会社に行きます。(しちじ に いえ を でて、でんしゃ で かいしゃ に いきます)— I leave the house at seven and go to the office by train.
- 日曜日に京都へ行きます。(にちようび に きょうと へ いきます)— On Sunday I am going to Kyoto.
- 図書館で本を読みます。(としょかん で ほん を よみます)— I read books at the library.
- 駅の前に銀行があります。(えき の まえ に ぎんこう が あります)— There is a bank in front of the station.
- 友達に手紙を書きました。(ともだち に てがみ を かきました)— I wrote a letter to a friend.
Compare with
に vs へ
京都に行きます and 京都へ行きます are both fine. But 友達に会います, 七時に起きます and 東京に住んでいます allow only に: へ is a pure arrow, nothing more.
に vs で with あります・います
Existence and living take に; doing takes で. 教室に学生がいます (they are there) vs 教室で勉強します (they act there). See ~があります・います.
を vs が with the potential form
When a verb becomes potential, its object usually switches from を to が: 日本語を話します → 日本語が話せます. 好き, ほしい and 分かる likewise take が, not を.
Traps for Spanish, English and French speakers
- Spanish ‘en’ and French ‘à/dans’ cover both ‘there is a bank at the station’ and ‘I study at the library’, so learners write
駅で銀行がありますand図書館に勉強します. Existence and living (あります・います・住んでいます) take に,駅に銀行があります, while actions take で,図書館で勉強します. - ‘A las siete’, ‘à sept heures’ and ‘at seven’ all need a preposition, so learners attach に to every time word and say
明日に行きますor毎朝にお茶を飲みます. Relative time words (今日, 明日, 来週, 毎朝, いつ) take no particle; clock times, weekdays, dates and months take に: 七時に, 日曜日に, 三月に. - English ‘take the train’ has a direct object, so English speakers write
電車を乗ります; 乗る aims at a target and takes に,電車に乗ります, just like Spanish ‘subir al tren’. Do not mix it up with 電車で行きます, which is ‘go by train’. - Spanish ‘salir de casa’ and French ‘sortir de la maison’ push learners to
家から出ます(possible, but it stresses the starting point), and ‘pasar por el puente’ / ‘passer par le pont’ to橋で渡ります(wrong: ‘por/par’ is not で here). Leaving, crossing and walking along a space take を: 家を出ます, 橋を渡ります, 道を歩きます.
Common mistakes
- Spanish ‘en’ and French ‘à/dans’ cover both ‘there is a bank at the station’ and ‘I study at the library’, so learners write 駅で銀行があります and 図書館に勉強します. Existence and living (あります・います・住んでいます) take に, 駅に銀行があります, while actions take で, 図書館で勉強します.
- ‘A las siete’, ‘à sept heures’ and ‘at seven’ all need a preposition, so learners attach に to every time word and say 明日に行きます or 毎朝にお茶を飲みます. Relative time words (今日, 明日, 来週, 毎朝, いつ) take no particle; clock times, weekdays, dates and months take に: 七時に, 日曜日に, 三月に.
- English ‘take the train’ has a direct object, so English speakers write 電車を乗ります; 乗る aims at a target and takes に, 電車に乗ります, just like Spanish ‘subir al tren’. Do not mix it up with 電車で行きます, which is ‘go by train’.
- Spanish ‘salir de casa’ and French ‘sortir de la maison’ push learners to 家から出ます (possible, but it stresses the starting point), and ‘pasar por el puente’ / ‘passer par le pont’ to 橋で渡ります (wrong: ‘por/par’ is not で here). Leaving, crossing and walking along a space take を: 家を出ます, 橋を渡ります, 道を歩きます.
Examples
I drink tea every morning.
I leave the house at seven and go to the office by train.
On Sunday I am going to Kyoto.
I read books at the library.
There is a bank in front of the station.
I wrote a letter to a friend.
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