も・と・や・か
も・と・や・か
Also; and (all); and (some); or — between nouns
Noun + も + predicate (also; replaces は・が・を)
Noun + にも・でも・とも (も stacked after other particles)
Noun A + と + Noun B (A and B, complete list)
Noun A + や + Noun B (+ など) (A, B and so on)
Noun A + か + Noun B (A or B)
Question word + も + negative verb (nothing, nobody, nowhere)
How it works
も — also, too, (not) either
も adds the noun to something already mentioned. It replaces は, が and を: 私も学生です, 田中さんも来ました, ビールも飲みます. After に, で, と and から it simply attaches: 日本にも, 家でも, 田中さんとも. With a negative verb it means ‘not … either’: 私も行きません. Doubled it means ‘both … and …’ or, with a negative, ‘neither … nor …’: 肉も魚も食べます, 肉も魚も食べません.
After a question word plus a negative, も means ‘nothing, nobody, nowhere’: 何も食べませんでした, だれもいません, どこにも行きませんでした.
と — and (the whole list)
と joins nouns only and presents the list as complete: ご飯と味噌汁 means those two things, no more. After a person it also means ‘with’: 友達と映画を見ました.
や — and (a sample of the list)
や also joins nouns but signals that you are naming examples, not everything: 本や鉛筆 — books, pencils and the like. など (‘and so on’) often closes the list: 本や鉛筆などがあります.
か — or (between nouns)
Noun か noun offers alternatives: 土曜日か日曜日 — Saturday or Sunday; お茶か水 — tea or water. This is the same か that ends questions, so keep the two apart: 土曜日か日曜日に会いますか。
Examples
- 私も学生です。(わたし も がくせい です)— I am a student too.
- 朝、ご飯と味噌汁を食べました。(あさ、ごはん と みそしる を たべました)— In the morning I ate rice and miso soup.
- 机の上に本や鉛筆などがあります。(つくえ の うえ に ほん や えんぴつ など が あります)— There are books, pencils and so on on the desk.
- 土曜日か日曜日に会いましょう。(どようび か にちようび に あいましょう)— Let’s meet on Saturday or Sunday.
- 昨日は何も食べませんでした。(きのう は なにも たべませんでした)— I didn’t eat anything yesterday.
- 日本にも友達がいます。(にほん にも ともだち が います)— I have friends in Japan too.
Compare with
と ‘and’ vs と ‘with’
田中さんと山田さんが来ました — Tanaka and Yamada came (list). 田中さんと映画を見ました — I watched a film with Tanaka (companion). The verb and the context decide.
Joining verbs and sentences
None of these four join verbs or clauses. ‘I eat and drink’ is 食べて飲みます (て-form); ‘cheap and tasty’ is 安くておいしい; ‘or’ between clauses is それとも or a repeated か: 行きますか、それともやめますか。
も vs は・が
私は学生です states; 私も学生です adds. Once も is chosen, は and が vanish; you will never see はも or がも.
Traps for Spanish, English and French speakers
- ‘Y’, ‘et’ and ‘and’ join verbs and sentences, so learners write
食べると飲みます(which actually means ‘when I eat, I drink’) or安いとおいしいです. と and や link nouns only; verbs and adjectives chain with the て-form:食べて飲みます,安くておいしいです. - Spanish ‘también’ and French ‘aussi’ are extra words dropped into a sentence, so learners keep the particle and add も on top:
私はも学生です,寿司をも食べます. も replaces は, が and を (私も学生です,寿司も食べます) and stacks only after the other particles, に, で, と, から (東京にも, 家でも). - English avoids double negatives, so English speakers write
だれも来ましたfor ‘nobody came’. A question word plus も needs a negative verb,だれも来ませんでした, 何も食べませんでした, exactly like Spanish ‘no vino nadie’. - English has one ‘and’, so learners use と for every list, and
冷蔵庫に牛乳と卵がありますthen claims the fridge holds milk, eggs and nothing else. For a sample of a longer list use や, optionally closed with など:牛乳や卵などがあります.
Common mistakes
- ‘Y’, ‘et’ and ‘and’ join verbs and sentences, so learners write 食べると飲みます (which actually means ‘when I eat, I drink’) or 安いとおいしいです. と and や link nouns only; verbs and adjectives chain with the て-form: 食べて飲みます, 安くておいしいです.
- Spanish ‘también’ and French ‘aussi’ are extra words dropped into a sentence, so learners keep the particle and add も on top: 私はも学生です, 寿司をも食べます. も replaces は, が and を (私も学生です, 寿司も食べます) and stacks only after the other particles, に, で, と, から (東京にも, 家でも).
- English avoids double negatives, so English speakers write だれも来ました for ‘nobody came’. A question word plus も needs a negative verb, だれも来ませんでした, 何も食べませんでした, exactly like Spanish ‘no vino nadie’.
- English has one ‘and’, so learners use と for every list, and 冷蔵庫に牛乳と卵があります then claims the fridge holds milk, eggs and nothing else. For a sample of a longer list use や, optionally closed with など: 牛乳や卵などがあります.
Examples
I am a student too.
In the morning I ate rice and miso soup.
There are books, pencils and so on on the desk.
Let’s meet on Saturday or Sunday.
I didn’t eat anything yesterday.
I have friends in Japan too.
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