~前に・~後で
まえに・あとで
Before doing A / after doing A
Verb dictionary form + 前に (always dictionary form, even for past events: 来る前に)
Verb た-form + 後で (always た-form, even for future events: 食べた後で)
Noun + の + 前に / Noun + の + 後で (仕事の前に、食事の後で)
Duration + 前に / 後に with no の: 三年前に (three years ago)、二時間後に (two hours later)
How it works
前 (before, front) and 後 (after, behind) are nouns, so what precedes them is a modifier. A verb before 前に is always in the dictionary form; a verb before 後で is always in the た-form. This does not change when the whole sentence is past or future: 日本に来る前に勉強しました, 食べた後で出かけます. The form encodes logical order (not yet done vs. already done at that moment), not tense.
Nouns link with の: 仕事の前に, 食事の後で. A duration attaches directly and shifts the meaning to ago / later: 三年前に (three years ago), 二時間後に (two hours later). 後で on its own means later: 後で電話します。
後で and 後に are both possible: 後で is the everyday choice for after doing X, then Y, while 後に is more formal and the usual one after durations. 前 takes に in this sense; 前で would mean in front of as a place (駅の前で会う).
Examples
- 寝る前に歯を磨きます。(ねる まえ に は を みがきます。)— I brush my teeth before going to bed.
- 日本に来る前に、少し日本語を勉強しました。(にほん に くる まえ に、すこし にほんご を べんきょう しました。)— Before coming to Japan, I studied a little Japanese.
- 仕事の後で、友達とご飯を食べました。(しごと の あと で、ともだち と ごはん を たべました。)— After work, I had a meal with a friend.
- 手を洗った後で、ご飯を食べましょう。(て を あらった あと で、ごはん を たべましょう。)— Let's eat after washing our hands.
- 授業の前に、宿題をしてください。(じゅぎょう の まえ に、しゅくだい を して ください。)— Please do your homework before class.
- 三年前に日本に来ました。(さんねん まえ に にほん に きました。)— I came to Japan three years ago.
Compare with
- ~てから presents A as the precondition for B: 手を洗ってから食べます stresses first wash, then eat, while 手を洗った後で食べます simply places the meal after the washing. てから cannot follow a noun.
- ~たら adds a when/once flavor: 家に帰ったら電話します = once I get home, I'll call. It is a conditional, so the main clause is often an intention or request.
- ~うちに (N3) means before a state ends: 温かいうちに食べてください = eat it while it is still warm.
Traps for Spanish, English and French speakers
- Spanish después de comer uses the infinitive, so Spanish speakers write ✗ 食べる後で出かけます; English speakers instead copy the tense of the main clause: ✗ 日本に来た前に勉強しました. The form is fixed by the pattern, not by the sentence: ✓ 食べた後で, ✓ 来る前に。
- The de in Spanish antes de dormir and French avant de dormir gets mapped to の, giving ✗ 寝るの前に. Only nouns take の (仕事の前に, 食事の後で); a verb attaches directly: ✓ 寝る前に歯を磨きます。
- Spanish hace tres años and French il y a trois ans have no counterpart shape, so learners fall back on the noun pattern they already know (仕事の前に) and write ✗ 三年の前に. Durations attach directly, and the meaning shifts to ago: ✓ 三年前に日本に来ました。
- Spanish separates delante de and antes de, but 前 covers both, so the particle does the work: 駅の前で会いましょう (in front of the station) vs 会議の前に (before the meeting). Writing ✗ 寝る前で歯を磨きます turns before bed into a place.
Common mistakes
- Spanish 'después de comer' uses the infinitive, so Spanish speakers write ✗ 食べる後で出かけます; English speakers instead copy the tense of the main clause: ✗ 日本に来た前に勉強しました. The form is fixed by the pattern, not by the sentence: ✓ 食べた後で, ✓ 来る前に。
- The 'de' in Spanish 'antes de dormir' and French 'avant de dormir' gets mapped to の, giving ✗ 寝るの前に. Only nouns take の (仕事の前に, 食事の後で); a verb attaches directly: ✓ 寝る前に歯を磨きます。
- Spanish 'hace tres años' and French 'il y a trois ans' have no counterpart shape, so learners fall back on the noun pattern they already know (仕事の前に) and write ✗ 三年の前に. Durations attach directly, and the meaning shifts to 'ago': ✓ 三年前に日本に来ました。
- Spanish separates 'delante de' and 'antes de', but 前 covers both, so the particle does the work: 駅の前で会いましょう (in front of the station) vs 会議の前に (before the meeting). Writing ✗ 寝る前で歯を磨きます turns 'before bed' into a place.
Examples
I brush my teeth before going to bed.
Before coming to Japan, I studied a little Japanese.
After work, I had a meal with a friend.
Let's eat after washing our hands.
Please do your homework before class.
I came to Japan three years ago.
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