~し~し
し
…and what is more…; listing reasons that add up
Verb (plain form) + し
い-adjective (plain form) + し
な-adjective + だ + し
Noun + だ + し
Polite speech: ます-form / です + し (softer)
Sentence-final ~し。 to leave a reason or excuse hanging
How it works
~し joins clauses that each give a reason or a quality, with the feeling of “and on top of that…”. Even when you list only one item with し, you imply that there are other reasons you are not spelling out. The conclusion the reasons point to can follow (…し、…し、行きたくない) or be left unsaid.
- Verbs and い-adjectives take し directly: 雨が降るし、寒いし。
- Nouns and な-adjectives need だ (or です in polite speech): 休みだし、便利だし、静かですし。
- The clause before し can be past or negative: 高かったし、行かなかったし。
- も often replaces は/が inside the listed clauses to stress “also”: 漢字もあるし、敬語もあるし。
A single し at the end of a sentence softens a reason or an excuse: 「どうして来なかったの?」「忙しかったし…」. In polite conversation ですし/ますし is common: 近いですし、安いですし。
Examples
- この店は安いし、おいしいし、いつも混んでいる。(この みせ は やすい し、おいしい し、いつも こんで いる)— This place is cheap and tasty, so it is always crowded.
- 今日は雨だし、疲れたし、家にいよう。(きょう は あめ だ し、つかれた し、いえ に いよう)— It is raining and I am tired, so let us stay home.
- 彼は親切だし、頭もいい。(かれ は しんせつ だ し、あたま も いい)— He is kind, and smart too.
- 日本語は漢字もあるし、敬語もあるし、大変です。(にほんご は かんじ も ある し、けいご も ある し、たいへん です)— Japanese has kanji, and keigo on top, so it is tough.
- もう遅いし、そろそろ帰りましょうか。(もう おそい し、そろそろ かえりましょう か)— It is late (among other things), shall we head home?
- 高かったし、色も好きじゃなかったし。(たかかった し、いろ も すき じゃ なかった し)— Well, it was expensive, and I did not like the colour either.
Compare with
- て-form listing (安くて、おいしい): a neutral “and” that just strings facts together, with no sense of reasons piling up.
- ~から / ~ので: give one explicit reason and expect the consequence to follow; し lists several and can stand on its own.
- ~たり~たり: lists sample actions (“things like going and eating”), not reasons.
Traps for Spanish, English and French speakers
- Spanish y and French et join whole sentences, so learners write ✗ 安いと、おいしいと…; と links nouns only (パンと牛乳), and for stacked reasons the connector is し: 安いし、おいしいし。
- Spanish and French treat nouns and adjectives alike, so the だ gets dropped: ✗ 便利し ✗ 雨し ✗ 学生し。 Nouns and な-adjectives need だ before し (便利だし、雨だし); only い-adjectives attach bare (安いし).
- English speakers add a second connector because し does not look like “so”: ✗ 安いし、おいしいしから、よく行く。 し already carries the reasoning, so end the list with a comma and the conclusion (安いし、おいしいし、よく行く), or make the last reason a から clause (安いし、おいしいから、よく行く).
- Learners who file し as “and” use it for neutral facts: ✗ 私は学生だし、東京に住んでいます (meant as a plain “I am a student and I live in Tokyo”) sounds like you are building up to a point, because し always implies “among other things, so…”. For a neutral “and” join with the て-form (私は学生で、東京に住んでいます) and keep し for reasons that add up.
Common mistakes
- Spanish y and French et join whole sentences, so learners write ✗ 安いと、おいしいと…; と links nouns only (パンと牛乳), and for stacked reasons the connector is し: 安いし、おいしいし。
- Spanish and French treat nouns and adjectives alike, so the だ gets dropped: ✗ 便利し ✗ 雨し ✗ 学生し。 Nouns and な-adjectives need だ before し (便利だし、雨だし); only い-adjectives attach bare (安いし).
- English speakers add a second connector because し does not look like “so”: ✗ 安いし、おいしいしから、よく行く。 し already carries the reasoning, so end the list with a comma and the conclusion (安いし、おいしいし、よく行く), or make the last reason a から clause (安いし、おいしいから、よく行く).
- Learners who file し as “and” use it for neutral facts: ✗ 私は学生だし、東京に住んでいます (meant as a plain “I am a student and I live in Tokyo”) sounds like you are building up to a point, because し always implies “among other things, so…”. For a neutral “and” join with the て-form (私は学生で、東京に住んでいます) and keep し for reasons that add up.
Examples
This place is cheap and tasty, so it is always crowded.
It is raining and I am tired, so let us stay home.
He is kind, and smart too.
Japanese has kanji, and keigo on top, so it is tough.
It is late (among other things), shall we head home?
Well, it was expensive, and I did not like the colour either.
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