~ても
ても
Even if / even though; no matter what or how much
Verb て-form + も (行っても、食べても、しても)
Verb negative: ~なくても (行かなくても)
い-adjective: ~くても (高くても、よくても)
な-adjective + でも (静かでも)
Noun + でも (雨でも、日本人でも)
Question word + ~ても: いくら/どんなに/誰が/何を/どこに ~ても
How it works
~ても says that whatever happens in the first clause, the second clause holds anyway: “even if…”, “even though…”, “no matter…”. The condition can be hypothetical (雨が降っても = even if it rains) or real (聞いても分からなかった = even though I listened, I did not understand); what matters is that the result does not depend on it.
- Verb: て-form + も → 行っても、食べても、しても; negative なくても → 行かなくても。
- い-adjective: drop い, add くても → 高くても、よくても; negative → 高くなくても。
- な-adjective and noun: + でも → 静かでも、雨でも、日本人でも; negative → 静かじゃなくても、雨じゃなくても。
With a question word it becomes “no matter…”: いくら/どんなに~ても (no matter how much), 誰が~ても (no matter who), 何を~ても (whatever), どこに行っても (wherever). Two ても in a row (泣いても笑っても) mean “whether…or…”. Add いい and you get permission: 帰ってもいい.
Examples
- 雨が降っても、試合はあります。(あめ が ふって も、しあい は あります)— Even if it rains, the match is on.
- 高くても、この本を買います。(たかくて も、この ほん を かいます)— Even if it is expensive, I will buy this book.
- いくら電話しても、彼は出ない。(いくら でんわ して も、かれ は でない)— No matter how many times I call, he does not pick up.
- 日本人でも、この漢字は読めません。(にほんじん でも、この かんじ は よめません)— Even Japanese people cannot read this kanji.
- 説明を聞いても、よく分かりませんでした。(せつめい を きいて も、よく わかりません でした)— Even after hearing the explanation, I did not really understand.
- 何を食べても、おいしく感じない。(なに を たべて も、おいしく かんじない)— Whatever I eat, it does not taste good.
Compare with
- ~のに: also “even though”, but only for a real contrast and always with a note of surprise or regret; ても is cooler and can be hypothetical.
- ~たら / ~ば: ordinary conditionals; 雨が降ったら中止 makes the result depend on the rain, 雨が降っても中止しない makes it independent of the rain.
- ~てもいい: the same form plus いい gives permission (“you may”), a fixed expression with its own article.
Traps for Spanish, English and French speakers
- English speakers translate “even if it rains” with the ordinary conditional: ✗ もし雨が降ったら、試合はあります says “if it rains, there will be a match”, making the match depend on the rain. ても removes the dependency: 雨が降っても、試合はあります。
- Spanish and French do not inflect adjectives for this, so the く step vanishes: ✗ 高いても ✗ 雨ても ✗ 静かても → ○ 高くても ○ 雨でも ○ 静かでも。 The も rides on the て/で connective form, never on the bare word.
- Drop the も and the meaning collapses into a plain sequence: 雨が降って、試合はあります reads as “it rains, and there is a match”. English speakers who hear “even” as an optional intensifier leave も out; in Japanese it is the whole point.
- Spanish por mucho que / por más que and French avoir beau are rendered with a question word plus ても, not with たくさん: たくさん勉強しても分からない is grammatical but flat; the idiomatic form is いくら勉強しても分からない or どんなに勉強しても分からない。
Common mistakes
- English speakers translate “even if it rains” with the ordinary conditional: ✗ もし雨が降ったら、試合はあります says “if it rains, there will be a match”, making the match depend on the rain. ても removes the dependency: 雨が降っても、試合はあります。
- Spanish and French do not inflect adjectives for this, so the く step vanishes: ✗ 高いても ✗ 雨ても ✗ 静かても → ○ 高くても ○ 雨でも ○ 静かでも。 The も rides on the て/で connective form, never on the bare word.
- Drop the も and the meaning collapses into a plain sequence: 雨が降って、試合はあります reads as “it rains, and there is a match”. English speakers who hear “even” as an optional intensifier leave も out; in Japanese it is the whole point.
- Spanish por mucho que / por más que and French avoir beau are rendered with a question word plus ても, not with たくさん: たくさん勉強しても分からない is grammatical but flat; the idiomatic form is いくら勉強しても分からない or どんなに勉強しても分からない。
Examples
Even if it rains, the match is on.
Even if it is expensive, I will buy this book.
No matter how many times I call, he does not pick up.
Even Japanese people cannot read this kanji.
Even after hearing the explanation, I did not really understand.
Whatever I eat, it does not taste good.
Comments
Write a comment