~に行く/~に来る
にいく
Go / come somewhere in order to do something
Verb ます-stem + に + 行く/来る/帰る
Verbal noun (買い物, 散歩, 食事, 旅行) + に + 行く/来る
Place へ/に + Object を + Verb stem + に + 行く/来る
How it works
To say that someone moves somewhere in order to do something, Japanese places the purpose in front of the movement verb: Verb stem + に + 行く/来る/帰る. The stem is the ます-form without ます: 見ます → 見, 買います → 買い, 勉強します → 勉強し. Verbal nouns such as 買い物, 散歩, 食事 and 旅行 attach に directly: 買い物に行く, 散歩に行く.
The purpose part never conjugates. Tense, politeness, negation and desire all sit on the movement verb: 見に行きます, 見に行きました, 見に行きません, 見に行きたい. The destination, when mentioned, takes へ or に and normally comes first, and the object of the purpose verb keeps を: 本屋へ雑誌を買いに行く.
行く is movement away from where the speaker is now; 来る is movement toward the speaker's location. 帰る follows the same pattern: 昼ご飯を食べに帰ります (I go home to eat lunch).
Examples
- 週末、友達と映画を見に行きます。 しゅうまつ、ともだち と えいが を み に いきます。 This weekend I'm going to see a movie with a friend.
- 昼ご飯を食べに来ませんか。 ひるごはん を たべ に きませんか。 Won't you come over for lunch?
- 本屋へ雑誌を買いに行きました。 ほんや へ ざっし を かい に いきました。 I went to the bookshop to buy a magazine.
- 母は毎朝公園へ散歩に行きます。 はは は まいあさ こうえん へ さんぽ に いきます。 My mother goes to the park for a walk every morning.
- 日本へ日本語を勉強しに来ました。 にほん へ にほんご を べんきょうし に きました。 I came to Japan to study Japanese.
- 明日、駅まで友達を迎えに行きます。 あした、えき まで ともだち を むかえ に いきます。 Tomorrow I'm going to the station to pick up a friend.
Compare with
- ~ために (N4) also expresses purpose but works with any verb, not only movement: 日本語を勉強するために本を買った. When the main verb is 行く/来る, stem + に is shorter and far more common.
- ~たい stacks on top of the pattern: 映画を見に行きたいです (I want to go and see a movie). The purpose keeps its stem + に; the desire goes on 行く.
- ~ませんか is the natural way to turn the pattern into an invitation: 一緒に食べに行きませんか.
Traps for Spanish, English and French speakers
- Spanish ir a + infinitivo and French aller + infinitif are near-future forms (voy a comer, je vais manger), but ~に行く is never a future tense: it always means physically going somewhere. For 'I'm going to eat' with no movement say 食べます or 食べるつもりです, not 食べに行きます.
- The infinitive habit of all three languages produces the dictionary form or the て-form: ×映画を見るに行きます, ×映画を見てに行きます. Only the ます-stem goes before に: ○映画を見に行きます.
- English and French let you 'come' toward the listener (I'll come and help you, je viens t'aider), so learners say ×手伝いに来ます when they are the one leaving their own place. Movement from the speaker toward the listener is 行く: ○手伝いに行きます. Spanish voy a ayudarte already gets this right.
- Spanish ir de compras and English go shopping tempt learners into ×買い物を行きます. The purpose noun takes に (○買い物に行きます); を is reserved for the object of the purpose verb: 本屋へ本を買いに行きます.
Common mistakes
- Spanish 'ir a + infinitivo' and French 'aller + infinitif' are near-future forms (voy a comer, je vais manger), but ~に行く always means physically going somewhere. For 'I'm going to eat' with no movement say 食べます or 食べるつもりです, never 食べに行きます.
- The infinitive habit of Spanish, English and French produces ×映画を見るに行きます or ×映画を見てに行きます. Only the ます-stem goes before に: ○映画を見に行きます.
- English and French let you 'come' toward the listener (I'll come and help you, je viens t'aider), so learners say ×手伝いに来ます when they are leaving their own place. Movement from the speaker toward the listener is 行く, as in Spanish voy a ayudarte: ○手伝いに行きます.
- Spanish ir de compras and English go shopping lead to ×買い物を行きます. The purpose noun takes に (○買い物に行きます); を stays with the object of the purpose verb (本を買いに行きます).
Examples
This weekend I'm going to see a movie with a friend.
Won't you come over for lunch?
I went to the bookshop to buy a magazine.
My mother goes to the park for a walk every morning.
I came to Japan to study Japanese.
Tomorrow I'm going to the station to pick up a friend.
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