もう/まだ
もう/まだ
Already / no longer; still / not yet
もう + Verb ました (already did)
もう + Verb ません (no longer does)
まだ + Verb ています/い-adjective です/な-adjective・Noun です (still): まだ寝ています、まだ暑いです、まだ元気です、まだ学生です
まだ + Verb ていません (not yet)
Q: もう…ましたか → A: はい、もう…ました/いいえ、まだ…ていません/いいえ、まだです
How it works
もう and まだ are a pair of adverbs about whether an expected change has happened. もう says the change has taken place: with a past verb it means already (もう食べました), with a negative it means no longer or not any more (もう食べません). まだ says the change has not taken place: with an affirmative it means still (まだ寝ています, まだ学生です, まだ暑いです), with ~ていません it means not yet (まだ食べていません).
The four combinations form a grid worth memorising as a unit:
- もう + ました = already did
- もう + ません = no longer does
- まだ + ています/です = still is
- まだ + ていません = not yet
The question もう…ましたか (have you … yet?) is answered はい、もう…ました or いいえ、まだ…ていません; the short answer いいえ、まだです is extremely common and perfectly polite. もう also shows up in quantity phrases meaning more: もう一つ (one more), もう少し (a little more), もう一度 (once more), and in もうすぐ (soon).
Examples
- もう昼ご飯を食べましたか。 もう ひるごはん を たべましたか。 Have you had lunch yet?
- いいえ、まだ食べていません。 いいえ、まだ たべていません。 No, I haven't eaten yet.
- 宿題はもう終わりました。 しゅくだい は もう おわりました。 I've already finished my homework.
- 兄はまだ寝ています。 あに は まだ ねています。 My older brother is still asleep.
- もうお酒は飲みません。 もう おさけ は のみません。 I don't drink alcohol any more.
- 外はまだ明るいです。 そと は まだ あかるいです。 It's still light outside.
Compare with
- また (again) vs もう一度 (one more time): また会いましょう means 'let's meet again'; もう一度言ってください asks for one repetition. Neither one is まだ.
- ~ていません vs ~ませんでした: まだ pairs with ~ていません because 'not yet' describes the present state of something unfinished; ~ませんでした is a closed past event ('did not').
- ~たことがない: まだ食べていません means I have not eaten it yet but expect to; 食べたことがありません means I have never eaten it in my life, with no expectation attached.
Traps for Spanish, English and French speakers
- Spanish todavía no comí, English I didn't eat yet and French je n'ai pas encore mangé all use a past tense, so learners produce ×まだ食べませんでした. Japanese treats 'not yet' as a present state: ○まだ食べていません, or simply まだです.
- English yet maps to まだ in the negative, so English speakers carry it into the question: ×まだ食べましたか for 'Have you eaten yet?'. The question uses もう (○もう食べましたか), exactly like Spanish ¿ya comiste? and French tu as déjà mangé?.
- French encore covers both 'still' and 'one more', so French speakers ask for ×まだ一杯 when they mean encore un verre. 'More' is もう: ○もう一杯; まだ一杯 would mean 'still one glass left'.
- まだ and また differ by a single vowel and none of the three languages has such a pair, so ×また寝ています gets written for 'he is still sleeping'. まだ = still / not yet, また = again: まだ寝ています vs また寝ています (he is sleeping again).
Common mistakes
- Spanish todavía no comí, English I didn't eat yet and French je n'ai pas encore mangé all use a past tense, so learners produce ×まだ食べませんでした. Japanese treats 'not yet' as a present state: ○まだ食べていません, or simply まだです.
- English 'yet' maps to まだ in negatives, so English speakers carry it into the question: ×まだ食べましたか for 'Have you eaten yet?'. The question takes もう (○もう食べましたか), just like Spanish ¿ya comiste? and French tu as déjà mangé?
- French 'encore' covers both 'still' and 'one more', so French speakers ask for ×まだ一杯 when they mean encore un verre. 'More' is もう: ○もう一杯.
- まだ and また differ by one vowel and no Spanish, English or French pair looks like this, so ×また寝ています appears for 'he is still sleeping'. まだ = still / not yet, また = again: まだ寝ています vs また寝ています (sleeping again).
Examples
Have you had lunch yet?
No, I haven't eaten yet.
I've already finished my homework.
My older brother is still asleep.
I don't drink alcohol any more.
It's still light outside.
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