~と(条件)
と
Whenever/when A, B follows automatically
Verb dictionary form + と (押すと, 行くと)
Verb ない-form + と (行かないと, 食べないと)
い-adjective + と (高いと, 寒いと)
な-adjective + だと (静かだと, 便利だと)
Noun + だと (雨だと, 日曜日だと)
The clause before と is always non-past, even in a past sentence (開けると、風が入ってきた)
How it works
Plain non-past form + と says that whenever A happens, B follows by itself. It is the conditional of machines, nature, habits, directions and cause and effect: press the button and hot water comes out, spring arrives and the blossoms open.
Formation
- Verb dictionary form + と: 押すと, 行くと; ない-form + と: 行かないと.
- い-adjective + と: 高いと, 寒いと.
- な-adjective or noun + だと: 静かだと, 雨だと.
- The clause before と is always non-past, even when the whole sentence is about the past: 窓を開けると、風が入ってきた.
What と cannot do
Because B is automatic, the main clause cannot express the speaker's will, a request, a command, an invitation or advice. 駅に着くと、電話してください is wrong; say 着いたら. When the main clause is in the past, と reports what came next, usually something the speaker did not control or expect: 家に帰ると、誰もいなかった (when I got home, nobody was there).
Two everyday uses worth memorising: ~ないと (short for ~ないといけない) means must, as in もう行かないと!, and directions almost always use と: まっすぐ行くと、右にあります.
Examples
- このボタンを押すと、お湯が出ます。 この ボタン を おす と、おゆ が でます。 — When you press this button, hot water comes out.
- 春になると、桜が咲きます。 はる に なる と、さくら が さきます。 — When spring comes, the cherry blossoms bloom.
- まっすぐ行くと、右に銀行があります。 まっすぐ いく と、みぎ に ぎんこう が あります。 — If you go straight, there is a bank on the right.
- お酒を飲むと、顔が赤くなります。 おさけ を のむ と、かお が あかく なります。 — When I drink alcohol, my face turns red.
- 早く寝ないと、明日起きられませんよ。 はやく ねない と、あした おきられません よ。 — If you do not go to bed early, you will not be able to get up tomorrow.
- 窓を開けると、冷たい風が入ってきた。 まど を あける と、つめたい かぜ が はいって きた。 — When I opened the window, a cold wind came in.
Compare with
- ~たら: also handles one-time sequences and accepts any main clause. An invitation such as 春になったら、花見をしましょう must use たら; 春になると、花見をしましょう is impossible.
- ~ば: hypothetical, focused on the condition; と is focused on the result being automatic. 押せば開く and 押すと開く both work for a machine, but only ば appears in どうすればいい.
- と meaning 'and' or 'with': 友達と映画を見た, パンと牛乳. Same kana, different job: と joins nouns, and it never joins two sentences as 'and'.
Traps for Spanish, English and French speakers
- English 'when', Spanish 'cuando' and French 'quand' all introduce requests freely (when you arrive, call me). 駅に着くと、電話してください is wrong because と cannot lead to a request or command; use 駅に着いたら、電話してください.
- Since と is 'and' between nouns (パンと牛乳, like Spanish y), learners try to join two actions with it, but 買い物をすると、家に帰りました is not a neutral 'I shopped and went home': after a verb と means when / as soon as, so it reads like a story beat, 'the moment the shopping was done, I went home'. Plain sequences of actions take the て-form: 買い物をして、家に帰りました.
- Spanish and French mark the past inside the clause (cuando abrí / quand j'ai ouvert), so learners write 窓を開けたと. The verb before と is always non-past: 窓を開けると、冷たい風が入ってきた.
- Nouns and な-adjectives need だ before と: 雨と行きません and 静かと寝られます are wrong; say 雨だと行きません, 静かだと寝られます. English speakers then carry the だ over to なら, where it must not appear (雨なら, never 雨だなら).
Common mistakes
- English 'when', Spanish 'cuando' and French 'quand' all introduce requests freely (when you arrive, call me). 駅に着くと、電話してください is wrong because と cannot lead to a request or command; use 駅に着いたら、電話してください.
- Since と is 'and' between nouns (パンと牛乳, like Spanish y), learners try to join two actions with it, but 買い物をすると、家に帰りました is not a neutral 'I shopped and went home': after a verb と means when / as soon as, so it reads like a story beat, 'the moment the shopping was done, I went home'. Plain sequences of actions take the て-form: 買い物をして、家に帰りました.
- Spanish and French mark the past inside the clause (cuando abrí / quand j'ai ouvert), so learners write 窓を開けたと. The verb before と is always non-past: 窓を開けると、冷たい風が入ってきた.
- Nouns and な-adjectives need だ before と: 雨と行きません and 静かと寝られます are wrong; say 雨だと行きません, 静かだと寝られます. English speakers then carry the だ over to なら, where it must not appear (雨なら, never 雨だなら).
Examples
When you press this button, hot water comes out.
When spring comes, the cherry blossoms bloom.
If you go straight, there is a bank on the right.
When I drink alcohol, my face turns red.
If you do not go to bed early, you will not be able to get up tomorrow.
When I opened the window, a cold wind came in.
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