~なら
なら
If that's the case…; as for… (reactive conditional)
Noun + なら (日本語なら, 明日なら) — no だ in between
な-adjective stem + なら (便利なら, 暇なら)
い-adjective + なら (高いなら, 痛いなら)
Verb plain form + なら (行くなら, 行かないなら, 行ったなら)
Optional の before なら with verbs and adjectives (行くのなら)
How it works
なら takes something the listener has just said, asked or implied and uses it as the premise: if that is the case, then…. It is the conditional of advice and recommendations, which is why the main clause is free to be a suggestion, a request, an opinion or the speaker's own plan.
Formation
- Noun + なら: 日本語なら, 明日なら. No だ in between.
- な-adjective stem + なら: 便利なら, 暇なら.
- い-adjective + なら: 高いなら, 痛いなら.
- Verb plain form + なら: 行くなら, 行かないなら, 行ったなら. An optional の (行くのなら) makes it sound a little more explanatory.
Order of events is free
With たら, A must happen before B. With なら, B can come first: 京都に行くなら、切符を買っておいてください (buy the ticket before going). Compare 京都に行ったら、お土産を買ってきてください (buy the souvenir after arriving). This is why 行くなら and 行ったら are not interchangeable.
Noun + なら as a topic
After a noun, なら often just means as for X, X is the one: 日本語の本なら、あの店が安い. It picks the topic out of a set of possibilities, close to Spanish si se trata de or French pour ce qui est de. 私なら (if it were me) works the same way.
Examples
- 日本語の本なら、あの店が安いですよ。 にほんご の ほん なら、あの みせ が やすい です よ。 — If it is Japanese books you want, that shop is cheap.
- 頭が痛いなら、早く帰ったほうがいいですよ。 あたま が いたい なら、はやく かえった ほう が いい です よ。 — If your head hurts, you had better go home early.
- 京都に行くなら、新幹線が便利です。 きょうと に いく なら、しんかんせん が べんり です。 — If you are going to Kyoto, the shinkansen is convenient.
- 車を買うなら、中古のほうが安いですよ。 くるま を かう なら、ちゅうこ の ほう が やすい です よ。 — If you are buying a car, a used one is cheaper.
- あなたが行かないなら、私も行きません。 あなた が いかない なら、わたし も いきません。 — If you are not going, I will not go either.
- 私なら、そんなことは言いません。 わたし なら、そんな こと は いいません。 — If it were me, I would not say such a thing.
Compare with
- ~たら: neutral if / when / after. たら requires A to happen before B; なら does not, so 行ったら電話して (call after you get there) and 行くなら電話して (call before you go) mean different things.
- ~と/~ば: general truths and logical conditions, not reactions to what someone said. ボタンを押すなら、ドアが開きます is wrong; use 押すと or 押せば.
- は as topic marker: 私は行きません states a fact; 私なら行きません adds hypothetical distance (if it were me).
Traps for Spanish, English and French speakers
- Spanish 'si vas a Kioto, compra el billete' tempts learners into 京都に行ったら、切符を買ってください, which means 'buy it after you get to Kyoto'. Advice about something you do before or while going takes なら: 京都に行くなら、切符を買っておいてください.
- Spanish si, French si and English if cover every conditional, so learners use なら as a universal 'if': ボタンを押すなら、お湯が出ます is wrong. Automatic results take と or ば (押すと/押せば); なら only reacts to a premise someone raised.
- Nouns and な-adjectives take なら directly: 雨だなら and 便利だなら are wrong, say 雨なら, 便利なら. The だ that と demands (雨だと) does not carry over.
- Learners who live in です・ます forms attach it to the polite form (行きますなら). なら follows plain forms only: 行くなら, 行かないなら, 行ったなら.
Common mistakes
- Spanish 'si vas a Kioto, compra el billete' tempts learners into 京都に行ったら、切符を買ってください, which means 'buy it after you get to Kyoto'. Advice about something you do before or while going takes なら: 京都に行くなら、切符を買っておいてください.
- Spanish si, French si and English if cover every conditional, so learners use なら as a universal 'if': ボタンを押すなら、お湯が出ます is wrong. Automatic results take と or ば (押すと/押せば); なら only reacts to a premise someone raised.
- Nouns and な-adjectives take なら directly: 雨だなら and 便利だなら are wrong, say 雨なら, 便利なら. The だ that と demands (雨だと) does not carry over.
- Learners who live in です・ます forms attach it to the polite form (行きますなら). なら follows plain forms only: 行くなら, 行かないなら, 行ったなら.
Examples
If it is Japanese books you want, that shop is cheap.
If your head hurts, you had better go home early.
If you are going to Kyoto, the shinkansen is convenient.
If you are buying a car, a used one is cheaper.
If you are not going, I will not go either.
If it were me, I would not say such a thing.
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