閉める・閉まる
しめる・しまる
閉める = cerrar (を); 閉まる = cerrarse (が); 閉まっている = está cerrado
Usage
閉める (しめる) is transitive, takes を, and is ichidan: 閉めて / 閉めた / 閉めない / 閉めます. 閉まる (しまる) is intransitive, takes が, and is godan: 閉まって / 閉まった / 閉まらない / 閉まります. The pair is the mirror image of 開ける・開く and follows the same -eru / -aru pattern as 始める・始まる and 決める・決まる.
閉まっている is the resulting state (closed), the normal way to say a shop or door is shut. 閉めてある says someone shut it deliberately. Shops use 閉まる for closing time: 店は八時に閉まる. Eyes, books and notebooks take a different verb, 閉じる (とじる), which is both transitive and intransitive.
Examples
- 寒いから、ドアを閉めてください。 さむい から、 ドア を しめて ください。 It's cold, so please close the door.
- この店は夜八時に閉まります。 この みせ は よる はちじ に しまります。 This shop closes at eight at night.
- 窓が閉まっているのに、寒い。 まど が しまっている のに、 さむい。 Even though the window is closed, it's cold.
- 出かける時、窓を閉めるのを忘れた。 でかける とき、 まど を しめる の を わすれた。 When I went out, I forgot to close the window.
Traps for Spanish, English and French speakers
- ‘Se cierra a las ocho’ is 閉まる, not a reflexive 閉める. Spanish and French pack the intransitive into se; Japanese has a separate verb. 店が八時に閉めます is wrong (the shop is not doing the closing), and 自分を閉める is nonsense. With the owner as the one acting it is fine: うちは八時に店を閉めます. Watch for が + 閉まる, を + 閉める.
- 閉まっている = está cerrado. As with all intransitive change verbs, ている is a state. 閉めている would mean ‘is (in the act of) closing’, or with a shop owner as subject, ‘keeps closed’. ‘The shop is closed today’ is 今日は店が閉まっている or 休みだ.
- Same reading, different kanji. しめる is also 締める (tighten a belt, fasten a seatbelt: シートベルトを締める) and 占める (occupy a share). And 閉 vs 開: 閉 has 才 inside the gate, 開 has the bar-and-hands 开. Look-alike kanji, opposite meanings.
- Locking, eyes and books use other verbs. ‘Cerrar con llave’ is かぎをかける; ‘fermer les yeux’ is 目を閉じる (とじる), not 目を閉める; ‘cerrar el libro’ is 本を閉じる.
Common mistakes
- ‘Se cierra a las ocho’ is 店が八時に閉まる, not ×店が閉めます. 閉める needs someone who closes it: うちは八時に店を閉めます. Spanish and French se become a different verb: が + 閉まる, を + 閉める.
- 閉まっている = está cerrado (state), not ‘is closing’.
- Homophones and look-alikes: 締める (fasten a belt), 占める; 閉 vs 開. Eyes and books take 閉じる (とじる); locking is かぎをかける.
Examples
It's cold, so please close the door.
This shop closes at eight at night.
Even though the window is closed, it's cold.
When I went out, I forgot to close the window.
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